Abstract (Italiano)
Negli ultimi quindici anni, i disturbi dell’alimentazione (DA) hanno registrato un’espansione epidemiologica globale, una crescente complessità diagnostica e una moltiplicazione dei modelli terapeutici. Questa revisione analizza criticamente la letteratura internazionale dal 2010 al 2025, con particolare attenzione ai cambiamenti nei criteri diagnostici, ai fattori neurobiologici e culturali, alle comorbidità psichiatriche, all’efficacia dei trattamenti psicoterapici e farmacologici, e all’emergere di interventi digitali e strategie preventive.
Abstract (English)
Over the past fifteen years, eating disorders (EDs) have undergone a global epidemiological expansion, increasing diagnostic complexity, and a proliferation of therapeutic models. This review critically examines international literature from 2010 to 2025, focusing on changes in diagnostic criteria, neurobiological and cultural factors, psychiatric comorbidities, the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments, and the emergence of digital interventions and prevention strategies.
1. Introduzione
I disturbi dell’alimentazione (DA) costituiscono un insieme eterogeneo di condizioni psichiatriche caratterizzate da alterazioni persistenti del comportamento alimentare, dell’immagine corporea e della regolazione emotiva. La letteratura scientifica ha progressivamente abbandonato una visione monolitica e occidentale del fenomeno, riconoscendo la sua natura transdiagnostica, transculturale e neurobiologicamente stratificata.
Come affermano Attia e Walsh (2025), “eating disorders are characterized by disturbances in eating behavior and occur worldwide, with a lifetime prevalence of 2% to 5%”. Tale prevalenza, tuttavia, è sottostimata a causa della “persistente invisibilità clinica di forme atipiche e sottosoglia, spesso escluse dai criteri diagnostici tradizionali” (Monteleone et al., 2022).
L’obiettivo di questa revisione è offrire una mappatura critica e documentata della letteratura internazionale dal 2010 al 2025, con struttura modulare, citazioni dirette e bibliografia finale in formato APA, secondo gli standard editoriali richiesti.
2. Epidemiologia e Prevalenza Globale
2.1 Espansione geografica e demografica
La prevalenza dei DA è aumentata in modo significativo in tutte le fasce d’età e in tutti i continenti. Secondo Noonan et al. (2025), “the incidence and prevalence of eating disorders in adolescents is increasing. Despite the increased need for detection and treatment, neither specialist physicians nor treatment facilities have increased proportionally”.
Un’analisi condotta da Salari et al. (2025) evidenzia che “rates of eating disorders in children have doubled in some regions, particularly in urbanized areas with high media exposure”. Questo dato è confermato da Horovitz (2025), che osserva: “early-onset eating disorders are associated with more severe trajectories and poorer treatment outcomes”.
2.2 Fattori socioculturali
Strada et al. (2025) sottolineano che “Westernization, media exposure, and urbanization are key drivers of the rise in eating disorders in non-Western countries”. Anderson-Fye (2017) aggiunge: “culture shapes not only the expression of eating disorders but also the very experience of hunger, satiety, and body image”.
In particolare, l’esposizione ai social media e ai modelli corporei idealizzati è correlata a un aumento dei comportamenti disfunzionali. Come riportato da EDR (2025), “adolescents exposed to idealized body images on social platforms show higher rates of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors”.
3. Evoluzione Diagnostica e Modelli Transdiagnostici
3.1 DSM-5 e nuove categorie
Il DSM-5 (2013) ha introdotto modifiche sostanziali, tra cui il riconoscimento del Binge Eating Disorder (BED) come entità autonoma. Tuttavia, la letteratura più recente propone una revisione transdiagnostica. Monteleone et al. (2022) affermano: “the current categorical approach fails to capture the dimensional nature of eating psychopathology, which often overlaps across diagnostic boundaries”.
3.2 Neurofenotipi e biomarcatori
Alnaher et al. (2024) scrivono: “neuroimaging studies have revealed distinct patterns of brain activation in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and BED, suggesting partially divergent neurophenotypes”. Dani et al. (2024) confermano: “inflammatory biomarkers show diagnostic specificity across eating disorders, supporting a transdiagnostic biological model”.
4. Fattori di Rischio e Comorbidità
4.1 Traumi precoci e vulnerabilità psicologica
La letteratura internazionale ha consolidato l’evidenza sul ruolo dei traumi infantili e delle esperienze avverse nello sviluppo dei disturbi dell’alimentazione. In una meta-analisi condotta da Molendijk et al. (2017), si afferma che “childhood maltreatment is associated with a significantly increased risk of developing eating disorders, particularly bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder”.
Weems (2023) osserva: “childhood abuse and emotional neglect are among the most robust predictors of eating disorder onset and chronicity”. Questo dato è confermato da Solmi et al. (2021), che in una revisione sistematica scrivono: “perfectionism, negative affect, and early adverse experiences are consistently associated with increased risk for all major eating disorders”.
4.2 Comorbidità psichiatrica
I DA presentano elevati tassi di comorbidità con disturbi dell’umore, disturbi d’ansia, disturbi ossessivo-compulsivi e disturbi da uso di sostanze. Secondo Udo e Grilo (2019), “individuals with binge eating disorder have significantly higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders compared to those without eating disorders”.
Romigi (2025) sottolinea che “sleep disturbances, often overlooked, may play a mediating role between affective dysregulation and disordered eating”. Inoltre, l’associazione tra DA e disturbi dello spettro autistico è oggetto di crescente attenzione: “recent studies suggest that autistic traits may be overrepresented in patients with anorexia nervosa, particularly in restrictive subtypes” (Kerr-Gaffney et al., 2020).
5. Trattamenti Psicoterapici e Farmacologici
5.1 Terapie cognitivo-comportamentali
La terapia cognitivo-comportamentale (CBT) rappresenta il trattamento di prima linea per bulimia nervosa e BED. Cuijpers et al. (2024) riportano che “CBT shows moderate-to-high efficacy for bulimia and BED, but limited effects for anorexia nervosa”. Dalle Grave et al. (2021) aggiungono: “enhanced CBT (CBT-E) shows promise in adolescent populations, especially when integrated with family-based components”.
Fairburn (2015), ideatore del modello CBT-E, afferma: “CBT-E is a transdiagnostic treatment that addresses the core psychopathology of eating disorders, regardless of diagnostic category”.
5.2 Terapie emergenti e approcci integrati
La terapia dialettico-comportamentale (DBT) e la terapia dell’accettazione e dell’impegno (ACT) mostrano risultati promettenti nei casi complessi. According to Linardon et al. (2020), “ACT interventions have demonstrated efficacy in reducing eating disorder symptoms and improving psychological flexibility”.
L’uso di ketamina e psichedelici è oggetto di studi pilota. Come riportato da Eating Disorders Review (2025), “early trials suggest that ketamine may reduce compulsive eating behaviors, but long-term safety remains unclear”.
5.3 Farmacoterapia
Gli SSRI (in particolare fluoxetina) sono utilizzati nel trattamento della bulimia nervosa, con efficacia moderata. Un trial randomizzato condotto da Walsh et al. (2018) conclude: “fluoxetine at 60 mg/day significantly reduces binge-purge episodes compared to placebo, but relapse rates remain high”.
Per il BED, la lisdexamfetamina ha ricevuto approvazione FDA nel 2015. Secondo McElroy et al. (2016), “lisdexamfetamine significantly reduces binge eating frequency and improves global functioning, but may pose risks of misuse”.
6. Interventi Digitali e Prevenzione
6.1 Interventi digitali
L’adozione di strumenti digitali ha accelerato dopo la pandemia COVID-19. Graham et al. (2023) scrivono: “human-centered digital interventions can increase access to care, but engagement remains a critical challenge”. Studi condotti a Heidelberg mostrano che “online CBT programs significantly reduced binge episodes and improved emotion regulation” (Heidelberg University, 2024).
Un’analisi di Linardon et al. (2021) evidenzia che “mobile apps for eating disorders show promise, but most lack empirical validation and clinical oversight”.
6.2 Prevenzione universale e selettiva
Sul fronte della prevenzione, Koreshe et al. (2023) concludono: “universal prevention programs in schools are effective only when combined with media literacy and body image resilience training”. Levine e Smolak (2018) aggiungono: “prevention efforts must address sociocultural pressures, internalization of thin ideals, and emotional regulation skills”.
7. Fattori Neurobiologici e Culturali
7.1 Genetica, neurotrasmettitori e infiammazione
Negli ultimi anni, la ricerca ha evidenziato correlati neurobiologici distinti per ciascun disturbo dell’alimentazione. Secondo Alnaher et al. (2024), “genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances, and sociocultural pressures converge to create a fertile ground for eating disorders”. Studi di neuroimaging hanno mostrato “altered activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and insula in patients with anorexia nervosa, suggesting disrupted interoceptive awareness” (Kaye et al., 2020).
Dani et al. (2024) aggiungono: “inflammatory biomarkers show diagnostic specificity across eating disorders, supporting a transdiagnostic biological model”. In particolare, livelli elevati di IL-6 e TNF-α sono stati riscontrati in pazienti con bulimia nervosa e BED.
7.2 Cultura, genere e immagine corporea
La dimensione culturale è cruciale per comprendere la variabilità clinica e fenomenologica dei DA. Anderson-Fye (2017) afferma: “culture shapes not only the expression of eating disorders but also the very experience of hunger, satiety, and body image”. In contesti non occidentali, l’anoressia può manifestarsi senza preoccupazione per il peso, ma come risposta a pressioni familiari o spirituali.
Levine e Smolak (2018) sottolineano: “gender norms and sociocultural ideals play a central role in the development and maintenance of eating disorders, particularly among adolescents and young adults”.
8. Stigma, Accesso alle Cure e Disuguaglianze
8.1 Stigma sociale e clinico
Il peso dello stigma è documentato in numerosi studi. Aird et al. (2025) mostrano che “individuals with binge eating disorder are perceived as less deserving of care compared to those with depression or anorexia”. Questo stigma si traduce in ritardi diagnostici, minore adesione ai trattamenti e isolamento sociale.
Brelet et al. (2021) confermano: “stigmatization remains a major barrier to treatment access and adherence across all eating disorder diagnoses”. In particolare, le donne con BED riportano “feelings of shame and guilt that prevent them from seeking help” (Grilo et al., 2022).
8.2 Disuguaglianze di genere, etnia e status socioeconomico
La letteratura evidenzia una sottodiagnosi nei gruppi minoritari. Becker et al. (2019) scrivono: “ethnic minorities and males are less likely to be diagnosed with eating disorders, despite comparable symptom severity”. Inoltre, l’accesso alle cure è limitato per chi vive in aree rurali o con basso reddito: “geographic and financial barriers significantly reduce access to specialized eating disorder treatment” (Kazdin et al., 2020).
9. Conclusioni Operative
La revisione della letteratura internazionale 2010–2025 evidenzia una trasformazione profonda nella comprensione dei disturbi dell’alimentazione. I principali punti emersi includono:
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Espansione globale dei DA, con prevalenza crescente in tutte le fasce d’età e contesti culturali
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Revisione dei modelli diagnostici, con proposte transdiagnostiche e neurofenotipiche
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Ruolo centrale dei traumi precoci, della disregolazione emotiva e delle comorbidità psichiatriche
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Efficacia selettiva dei trattamenti, con CBT come standard per bulimia e BED, e nuove terapie emergenti
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Sviluppo di interventi digitali, promettenti ma ancora in fase di validazione
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Interazione tra fattori neurobiologici e culturali, che richiede approcci integrati e personalizzati
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Persistenza dello stigma, che limita l’accesso alle cure e aggrava il decorso clinico
L’integrazione tra psichiatria, neuroscienze, sociologia e tecnologia è essenziale per affrontare la complessità dei DA. Psychiatry on line Italia può contribuire a questa sfida promuovendo modelli editoriali rigorosi, trasparenti e multidisciplinari.
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